The Frequency and Predictors of Sexual Dysfunction Among People Living with HIV/AIDS.

Background: The frequency of sexual dysfunctions reported by HIV/AIDS patients is significantly higher than that of their peers. Sexual dysfunction and its predictors may result in increased viral loads, worsening HIV infection, and infectivity. To mitigate its consequences, appropriate evaluation and intervention are required. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was conducted among 336 HIV/AIDS-positive individuals at one hospital in southwest Ethiopia. To assess sexual dysfunctions, a tool called the Changes in Sexual Functioning Questionnaire (CSFQ-14) was used. Data analysis was done with SPSS version 20. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regressions were used to identify independent predictor variables, and statistical significance was declared at a p-value of <0.05. Results: 98.53% of the sample completed the questionnaire accordingly. The frequency of SD was 72.0% (95% CI = 67.4-77.0). The frequency of SD was reported to be more prevalent among males (76.8% (95% CI = 70.6-81.6)) than that of females (66.2% (95% CI = 59.5-73.5)). Among the domains of sexual dysfunction, sexual pleasure problems (96.70%, (95% CI: 94.60-98.50)) were the higher figure of SD, and sexual desire problems (82.40%, (95% CI: 78.60-86.60)); were the least prevalent sexual dysfunctions. Predictors of the SD were age, social anxiety, nicotine use, poor sleep quality, and time of resuming ART medication. Conclusion: The frequency of SD was 72.0%. Predictors of the SD were age, social anxiety, nicotine use, poor sleep quality, and time of resuming ART medication.

Facebook addiction and affected academic performance among Ethiopian university students: A cross-sectional study.

Addiction is an extreme craving for and commitment to something, physically or psychologically. Currently, addiction to social media is the main emerging technology addiction, especially among the young generation. The main aim of the current study was to evaluate the status of Facebook addiction and its relation to academic performance and other correlates among university students. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 422 students from December 1-30, 2021, and Facebook addiction was examined with the Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale (BFAS). The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Study Habit Questionnaire (SHQ) were employed to assess self-esteem, anxiety and depression symptoms, and study habits, respectively. Systematic random sampling was used to recruit the subjects, and the data were analyzed by SPSS version 23.0. Statistics such as percentages, frequencies, mean ± SD, and mean differences were calculated. Multiple regression analysis was performed, and all the required assumptions were checked. The statistical significance was declared at a p-value < 0.05 and a 95% CI. Results revealed that, the mean age of the students was 23.62 (SD = ±1.79) and 51.6% of the participants were male. The majority of the participants were addicted to Facebook, and Facebook addiction was positively linked with factors like lower academic achievements and the symptoms of anxiety and depression. In conclusion, Facebook addiction was found to be higher among study participants, and it is negatively affecting their academic performances. Similarly, it was associated with affected mental well-being and reduced self-esteem. It is better for the legislative body of the university to put firm policies in place for promoting safe use and reducing the detrimental effects of this problem among students.

Prevalence of tobacco dependence and associated factors among patients with schizophrenia attending their treatments at southwest Ethiopia; hospital-based cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Tobacco smoking is the most typically employed in patients with mental disorders; among them, patients with schizophrenia are the very best users. The rate of smoking among patients with schizophrenia is between two and three times greater than the general population in western countries. However, there is a scarcity of studies on the magnitude and associated factors of tobacco dependence among patients with schizophrenia in Ethiopia. Therefore, we assessed the prevalence of tobacco dependence and associated factors among patients with schizophrenia at Mettu Karl referral, Bedelle, and Agaro hospitals, Southwest, Ethiopia. METHOD: Hospital-based the multistage stratified cross-sectional study design was conducted among 524 patients with schizophrenia who are on treatment. Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) was used to screen the prevalence of tobacco dependence. Analysis of data was done using SPSS version 24. RESULT: The prevalence of tobacco dependence among study participants was 22.3% (95% CI) (18.6, 26). Concerning the severity of tobacco dependence, 3.5%, 13.8%, and 5% of the respondents report moderate, high, and very high levels of tobacco dependence respectively. The proportions of tobacco dependence among male schizophrenic patients 88 (25.8%) were higher compared to their counterparts 27 (15.5%). After controlling the effects of cofounders in the final regression analysis, male gender (AOR 2.19, 95% CI = 1.25, 3.83), being on treatment for more than 5years (AOR 4.37, 95% CI = 2.11, 9.02), having a history of admission (AOR 4.01, 95% CI = 1.99, 8.11), and family history of mental illness (AOR 1.90, 95% CI = 1.04, 3.48) were shown to have a significant positive association with tobacco dependence. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION: A study show a significant proportion of tobacco dependence among people living with schizophrenia. Factors like, being male gender, being on treatment for more than 5 years, having a history of admission, and family history of mental illness was found to have a significant positive association with tobacco dependence. Hence, there is a need for coordinated and comprehensive management clinically to manage tobacco dependence along with identified risk factors in patients with schizophrenia. Also the finding call for the clinicians, managers, ministry of health and other stakeholders on the substance use prevention strategies that target personal and environmental control.

Attitude Towards COVID-19 Vaccination Among Healthcare Workers: A Systematic Review.

INTRODUCTION: Availability and accessibility of a safe COVID-19 vaccine do not necessarily guarantee an effective means to mitigate the pandemic. However, the fragile hero's or health care worker's attitude toward the vaccine is of paramount importance to promote its acceptance. So, the current review aims to provide the latest assessment of healthcare workers' attitudes toward the COVID-19 vaccination and its contributing factor worldwide. METHODS: Peer-reviewed surveys in English indexed via an electronic database in Google Scholar, Science Direct and PubMed were systematically searched. The review was carried out per the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA-2009) and registered on PROSPERO (CRD42021265534). RESULTS: Originally 8039 articles were searched from three databases PubMed, Science direct, and Google scholar. Finally, 24 studies met the inclusion criteria and made the root for the estimates of the attitude of COVID -19 vaccinations. In about two-thirds of the studies, respondents showed a positive attitude (≥50%) toward COVID-19 vaccination. However, in about one-quarter of the studies, a negative attitude (<50%) against vaccination was reported. Factors related to the attitude of healthcare workers toward COVID-19 vaccination include age, sex, profession, concerns about the safety of vaccines and fear of COVID-19, trust in the accuracy of the measures taken by the government, flu vaccination during the previous season, comorbid chronic illness, history of recommendation, and depression symptoms in the past week. CONCLUSION: Although most studies report that healthcare workers have a positive attitude toward COVID-19 vaccination, quite a few surveys mention negative attitudes towards the use of vaccines, which may reflect missed opportunities or challenges for the international efforts aimed at mitigating the pandemic. Still, we need to continue to make more efforts to change the attitudes of the uncertain healthcare workers to increase the uptake of the vaccine and deal with the multi-faceted impact of infection.

Health-related quality of life among Ethiopian pregnant women during COVID-19 pandemic.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the quality of life and its association with perceived social support and pandemic fear among pregnant women. METHODS: Cross-sectional study was conducted among 384 pregnant mothers at southwest Ethiopia from August 1, 2020, to August 15, 2020. Participants were included by consecutive sampling. Quality of life was assessed by short version of WHO quality of life. Social support and fear of COVID-19 were evaluated by Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) and fear of COVID-19 scale (FCoV-19S), respectively. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 23.0. Frequency and percentage for categorical variables, and mean ± SD for continuous variables were calculated. Independent sample t test and ANOVA were employed to compare the groups of normally distributed variables. Multiple regressions were performed, and Pearson correlation (r) was used to explore the relationships. Statistical significance was declared at p < .05, and 95% CI was calculated. RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was 31.3 ± 7.7, and 40.4% of them were between the ages of 25-34. The mean scores of participants those living with <5 family members and those living with ≥5 family members were significantly different [t(382) = 3.09, p = .002]. Participants with primary education have significantly high mean score of WHOQOL-BREF from those participants with no formal education (p = .028, MD = -1.9). Moderate negative correlation was observed between the scores of WHOQOL-BREF and FCoV-19S. All the components of MSPSS had positively associated with WHOQOL-BREF score at significant level. On final model, FCoV-19S score has uniquely accounted for 19.4% of variance in WHOQOL-BREF. CONCLUSIONS: Perceived social support has positively linked to QOL among pregnant women during COVID-19 pandemic. Pandemic-related fear has negative association with QOL and may be considered independent contributor of decreased quality of life in this population.

Correlation of Alcohol Use Disorders with Common Mental Disorders and Its Association with Socio-demographic Characteristics Among Community in Ethiopia: A Cross-sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Alcohol use disorders occurring together with common mental disorders are common and have been recognized worldwide as a crucial public health concern. However, there is a scarcity of data about the correlation of alcohol use disorders with common mental disorders and its association with socio-demographic characteristics among community in Ethiopia, especially in the study area. The aim of the study is to assess the correlation of alcohol use disordesr with common mental disorders and its association with socio-demographic characteristics among adults of selected woredas of the Ilu Aba Bor zone. METHODS: Community-based cross-sectional study was employed on 690 participants selected by using the multistage sampling technique. Data were collected by using the alcohol use disorder identification test (AUDIT) and self-reporting questionnaire (SRQ-20) scale. Data analysis were done using SPSS version 20. Pearson correlation was used to see the relation of two variables. The strength of the association was determined at p-value <0.005. RESULTS: 14.1% of the study sample positive for alcohol use disorders and 27.2% for common mental disorders. There is a significant positive relationship between alcohol use disorders and common mental disorders, r(688)=0.314, p=0.001. From socio-demographic characteristics, multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed marital status being single, orthodox religion followers, and living in urban had a significant association with alcohol use disorders. CONCLUSION: In the Ilu Aba Bor zone, 14.1% of participants reported alcohol use disorders, and 27.2% have a common mental disorders. There is a significant positive relationship between alcohol use disorders and common mental disorders. Being single, orthodox religion, and living in urban had a significant association with alcohol use disorders. Detection and treatment of people with alcohol use disorders and common mental disorders in the community have been recommended at the same time through integrated treatment.

Poor Quality of Sleep Among HIV-Positive Persons in Ethiopia.

BACKGROUND: In comparison to the general population, persons living with HIV show a higher prevalence of poor quality of sleep, with estimates from 24.1-100% vs in the normal population 10-40%. There are not enough data on the poor quality of sleep among HIV-infected persons in Ethiopia. METHODS: Hospital-based cross-sectional study design was conducted among 336 HIV-infected persons in Mettu Karl Referral Hospital. Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), social phobia inventory (SPIN), changes in sexual functioning questionnaire short-form (CSFQ-14), Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence (FTND), severity of dependence scale (SDS), and CAGE questionnaire (cut down, annoyed, guilty, eye opener) was used. Data were analyzed by SPSS 20 version. Bivariate and multivariable regressions were computed, and a significance level was declared at a point P-value of <0.05. RESULTS: A total of 336 respondents completed all questionnaires with response rate 98.53%. A total of 192 participants (57.1%) had poor sleep quality. Concerning associated factors; positive for social phobia, sexual dysfunction, living alone, poor antiretroviral (ARV) treatment adherence, and drunken alcohol had a positive association with poor sleep quality. CONCLUSION: Of the persons living with HIV (PLWH) in Mettu Karl Referral Hospital, 57.1% experienced poor sleep quality. Social phobia, living arrangement, sexual dysfunction, poor ARV treatment adherence, and use of alcohol showed a significant association with poor quality of sleep. The findings suggest that a longitudinal study will be needed to elucidate the causal relationship of variables, and routine screening of poor sleep quality among PLWH is highly recommended. Furthermore, integrating and launching mental health services at ART clinic is greatly important.

Prevalence and associated factors of common mental disorders among residents of Illu Ababore zone, southwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: A common mental disorder is characterized by anxiety, depression, and unexplained somatic symptoms that usually encountered in community and primary care settings. Both short and long term bio psychosocial disabilities are inevitable if common mental disorder is not treated. Despite its impact, the prevalence of common mental disorder in the Illu Ababore zone is not well known. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of common mental disorder among Ilu Ababore zone residents, Southwest Ethiopia. METHOD: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted from July 1 to August 30, 2018. A multi-stage sampling technique was applied to recruit participants. Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20) was used to assess the presence of common mental disorder. The data were entered into Epidata version 3.1 and analyzed by using SPSS version 23 software. Bivariate and multivariate binary logistic regressions were computed to identify the associated factors. Statistical significance was considered at P value < 0.05. RESULT: A total of 690 participants were enrolled in this study with a response rate of 91.39%. The prevalence of common mental disorder was 27.2% (95% CI, 23.9, 31.0%). Being female (AOR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.15, 2.69), unable to read and write (AOR = 3.06, 95% CI = 1.37, 6.82), living in the rural area (AOR = 3.53, 95% CI = 2.01, 6.18), having a family member with mental illness (AOR = 2.68, 95% CI = 1.6, 4.5), having a chronic physical illness (AOR = 3.48, 95% CI = 2.26, 5.34) and lifetime alcohol use (AOR = 4.55, 95% CI = 2.93, 7.0) had a significant association with common mental disorder. CONCLUSION: The current study showed that the proportion of the common mental disorder was high. Females showed a higher prevalence of the common mental disorder. Having a chronic physical illness, resides in the rural areas and history of lifetime alcohol use were also significantly associated with CMD. Psychological and social interventions with greater emphasis on females who have low educational status and residing in the rural area are recommended. Strategies that focus on the proper treatment of chronic physical illness can be also helpful to minimize the occurrence of common mental disorder.

Social Phobia and Its Impact on Quality of Life Among Regular Undergraduate Students of Mettu University, Mettu, Ethiopia.

BACKGROUND: Social anxiety disorder is a serious and disabling mental health problem that begins before or during adolescence, with the potential to significantly interfere with an individual's daily functioning and overall quality of life. OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to assess the prevalence, severity, and quality of life towards social anxiety disorder among students of Mettu University, Ethiopia. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among a stratified sample of 523 undergraduate students to identify the prevalence, correlates of social anxiety disorder, and impacts on quality life. All participants completed the Social Phobia Inventory, Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, and World Health Organization Quality of Life-Brief Form, Turkish Version (WHOQOL-BREF-TR). Of 523 students, 26% were screened positive for social anxiety disorder. About 69.4% and 17.4% of the students had mild and moderate symptoms of social anxiety disorder, respectively. WHOQOL BREF-TR scores showed that students with social phobia had significantly lower quality of life quality than those without social phobia. Being criticized by others or fear of parties was the most commonly feared situations. Talking to strangers was the most commonly avoided situations. Being females, current tobacco use, and family history of psychiatric illness were factors significantly associated with social phobia symptoms using logistic regression analysis. CONCLUSION: The current study shows high prevalence of social phobia among the university students and its significant negative effects on quality of life which require prompt identification and treatment.

Suicidal Behavior and Associated Factors Among Students in Mettu University, South West Ethiopia, 2019: An Institutional Based Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Suicidal behavior is a leading cause of injury and death worldwide. It is a public health issue that is estimated to contribute more than 2.4% to the global burden of disease by the year 2020. University and college students are among groups affected more than the general population. However, there is a scarcity of studies on the magnitude and associated factors of suicidal behavior among University students in Ethiopia, particularly in Mettu University. Therefore, we assessed the prevalence of suicidal behavior and associated factors among Mettu University students. METHODS: Institution-based multistage stratified cross-sectional study design was conducted among 523 regular main campus students of Mettu University. The Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire Revised (SBQ-R) was used to screen the presence of suicidal behavior symptoms. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 20. RESULTS: Lifetime prevalence of suicidal ideation, plan, and attempt was 58.3%, 37.3%, and 4.4%, respectively, with one-year prevalence of suicidal ideation at 34%. The multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the odds of suicidal ideation were higher among female gender, students who had poor social support, family history of suicide attempt, lifetime alcohol use, rural residence, and less frequently engaging in religious practice; these factors were significantly associated with suicidality. CONCLUSION: Nearly one-fourth of respondents report suicidal behavior. Prevalence of suicide was found to be higher. Prevention and coping actions regarding identified factors to reduce burden of suicide are needed.

Prevalence and Associated Factors of Depression among Prisoners in Jimma Town Prison, South West Ethiopia.

BACKGROUND: Mental disorder is one of the greatest challenges that current and future generations will face. Currently among all people suffering from depression, 85% of them live in low- and middle-income countries. Previous studies reported the global burden/prevalence of depression to be five to ten times higher among prisoners than the general population. However, the prevalence of depression among prisoners in our study area is not known. OBJECTIVE: This study therefore aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of depression among prisoners in Jimma town in 2017. METHOD: A cross-sectional study design was employed on 332 prisoners selected by systematic random sampling method. Data was collected by a face to face interview using Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) scale. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 20. RESULT: The study revealed that 41.9% (n = 139) of participants among prisoners had depression. Having family history of mental illness (AOR = 6.05, 95% CI = 2.6, 13.8), having chronic physical illness (AOR = 2.87, 95% CI = 1.29, 6.41), having history of previous incarceration (AOR = 3.26, 95% CI = 1.02, 10.64), lack of job in the prison (AOR = 4.96, 95% CI = 2.09, 11.8), lifetime alcohol use (AOR = 3.61, 95% CI = 1.8, 7.26), thinking life to be a difficult one after release from prison (AOR = 2.07, 95% CI = 1.2, 3.6), having age between 21 and 25 years (AOR = 2.04, 95% CI = 1.06, 3.89), and having poor social support (AOR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.27, 3.82) had significant association with depression in the fully adjusted final regression model. CONCLUSION: This study has shown that the prevalence of depression among prisoners was very high. Having family history of mental illness, having chronic physical illness, having previous incarceration, lack of job in prison, lifetime alcohol use, thinking life to be difficult one after release from prison, having age between 21 and 25 years old, and having poor social support were found to have an impact on the prevalence of depression.